GLOSSARY
OF TERMS
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| B |
C | D
| E |
F | G
| H |
I | J
| K | L
| M |
N | O
| P |
Q | R
| S |
T | U
| V | W
| X | Y
| Z |
| A |
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Abrasion
Resistance: The ability of a material
or surface to withstand mechanical action
such as rubbing, scraping, or erosion, that
tends progressively to remove material from
its surface. |
|
Alloy
Steel: A steel to which one or
more alloying elements other than carbon
have been deliberately added to achieve
a particular physical property. |
AISI:
Abbr. American Iron and Steel Institute,
defines the standardised numbered AISI steel
grades by American Iron and Steel Institute
http://www.steel.org |
|
Attachments:
Any attachment, such as hooks or links,
should have a rated Work Load Limit at least
equal to the chain with which it is used. |
| B |
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Black:
Term used to describe a product
that is in its natural state and has not
been galvanised. |
| Break Load: The
load at which a product may fail and release
the load. |
| Break
Strength: See Break Load |
| BS: Abbr. British
Standard |
| BV: Abbr. Bureau
Veritas http://www.bureauveritas.com |
| C |
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Carbon
Steel: Lower grade steel, generally
300 MPa |
Cast
Steel: Material used in the casting
process to manufacture a product. The molten
material is poured into a mould and left
to harden. |
Chain
Size: The diameter of the chain
link material |
Chemical
Resistance: The ability of a material
to withstand exposure to acids, alkalis,
solvents and other chemicals. |
Clevis
Type: The u-shaped top fitting
on a hook that allows for direct connection
between chain and hook without the need
for a connecting link. Also know as pin
coupling. |
Competent
Person: An individual who through
knowledge, experience and training is able
to perform certain tasks within the lifting
and rigging industry. A formal certificate
from ECSA may be required depending on the
task. See also LMI and LTI. |
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DIN:
Abbr. Deutsches Institut für
Normung (German Institute for Standardisation),
the German national organisation for standardisation
and is that country’s ISO member body.
http://www.din.de |
DNV:
Abbr. Det Norske Veritas, Norwegian
headquarters of international organisation
for standardisation. http://www.dnv.com |
Drop
Forged: Method of manufacturing
a product. The product is hot formed using
a stamping process. |
Duty
Rating: The number of repetitive
cycles a product is required to perform
during testing. Also called E.D. Rating. |
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ECSA:
Abbr. Engineering Council of South Africa:
The governing body and statutory leg
of the engineering profession. |
EIPS:
Abbr. Extra Improved Plough Steel |
EG:
Abbr. Electro Galvanised |
Electro
Galvanised: Method of finishing
an electric current is used to induce a
chemical reaction to coat steel with zinc. |
EN:
Technical European Standards developed by
the European Committee for Standardisation
to harmonise material or product specifications. |
Eye
Type: The round top fitting on
a hook that only allows connection between
the chain and the hook with a connecting
link. |
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Factor
of Safety: Industry term denoting
theoretical reserve capability. Usually
computed by dividing the catalogue stated
ultimate load by the catalogue stated Work
Load Limit and generally expressed as a
ratio, for example 5:1. |
FC:
Abbr. Fibre Core: Inner core of a wire rope
made from man made fibre material. |
Forged
High Alloy Steel: Method of manufacturing
a product by forming it into shape with
a hydraulic machine and then heat treating
the product. High alloy steel provides better
mechanical properties or greater resistance
to corrosion.
|
Forged
Steel: Method of manufacturing
a product by forming it into shape with
a hydraulic machine and then heat treating
the product. Also see drop forged and fully
forged. |
| FOS: Abbr.
Factor of Safety |
Fully
Forged Steel: Refers to the process
of making steel objects by forming them
into shape with hydraulic machines (as opposed
to casting), and then heat treating the
product. Fully forged steel is stronger
and less prone to cracking than cast parts. |
| H |
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Hard
Eye: The end termination of a SWR
sling made by looping the wire back around
a thimble and through a ferrule to create
an eye. Hard eyes should always be used
when adding end fittings to a SWR sling. |
High
Tensile Steel: Steel with a higher
yield point than that of mild steel and
which is used, where necessary, for engineering
structures or machine parts. |
Hot-Dip
Galvanised: Method of using molten
zinc to coat steel. |
| I |
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IACS:
Abbr. International Association
of Classification Societies dealing
with marine safety and regulation. http://www.iacs.org.uk |
I-Beam:
Steel beam used in building construction. |
ID
Tag: Abbr. Identity Tag:
Used to identify the Lifting Machine or
Lifting Tackle. This should be affixed to
the item having the information as defined
in the various specifications permanently
embossed, engraved or stamped. For slings,
this should not be a washer. |
|
| IPS: Abbr.
Improved Plough Steel |
| IWRC: Abbr.
Inner Wire Rope Core: Inner core of a
wire rope made from steel wire. |
| J |
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JIS:
Abbr. Japanese Industrial Standard; published
by the Japanese Industrial Standards Committee
in conjunction with the Japanese Standards
Association. |
| L |
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LEEASA:
Abbr. The Lifting Equipment Engineering
Association of South Africa |
Lifting
Machine / Appliance: Any mechanical
device capable of raising or lower a load
e.g. crane, chain block hoist. |
Lifting
Tackle / Accessories: Any device
which is used our designed to be used directly
or indirectly to connect a load to a lifting
machine / appliance and which does not form
part of the load, e.g. sling, shackle, eyebolt.
Also know as "Below the Hook"
equipment. |
LME:
Abbr. Lifting Machinery Entity
(Companies, Close Corporations and or Sole
Proprietors) |
LMI:
Abbr. Lifting Machinery Inspector,
an individual person registered with ECSA,
who is able to perform inspections and tests
on lifting machinery/appliances. |
|
LTI:
Abbr. Lifting Tackle Inspector,
an individual qualified by knowledge, experience
and training, who is able to perform inspections
and tests on lifting tackle/accessories. |
| M |
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Mild
Carbon Steel: Steel with less than
0.15% carbon Mild Steel: Hot-rolled steel |
Mild
Steel: Hot-rolled steel |
Minimum
Break Force: The force at which
a product will fracture. This is specified
by the manufacturer and is less than the
actual break force. |
Minimum
Break Load: The minimum load at
which a product may fail and release the
load. |
Minimum
Ultimate Load: The minimum load
at which a new chain will break when tested
by applying direct tension to a straight
length of chain at a uniform rate of speed
in a testing machine. |
| N |
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Nett
Buoyancy: The upward force that
keeps things afloat. The net upward buoyancy
force is equal to the magnitude of the weight
of fluid displaced by the body. This force
enables the object to float or at least
seem lighter. |
Nominal
Break: The force at which a product
will fracture. |
Nominal
Nett Buoyancy: The average upward
force that keeps things afloat. Also see
Nett Buoyancy. |
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| O |
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| OCIMF: Abbr.
Oil Companies International Marine Forum |
| P |
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Powder
Coated: Type of coating, which
is applied as a free-flowing, dry powder.
The coating is typically applied electrostatically
and is then cured under heat to allow it
to flow and form a coat. |
Proof
Load: The load applied in excess
of the Work Load Limit. At this load, the
product should show no visual deformation. |
Proof
Test: The tensile test applied
to new chain for the sole purpose of detecting
injurious defects in the material or manufacture.
It is the load which the chain has withstood
under a test in which the load has been
applied in direct tension to a straight
length of chain. |
PVC
Covered: Method of encasing steel
wire rope with a PVC sheath. |
| R |
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Rated
Load: The maximum recommended load
that should be exerted on the item. Also
used for the Rated Load: Work Load Limit
(WLL), and Resultant Safe Working Load.
All Rated Load values – unless noted
otherwise – are for in-line pull with
respect to the centerline on the item. |
Reach:
Is the distance between the upper and lower
load bearing points of a sling or hoist.
Also know as "Pull to Pull". |
RINA:
Abbr. Royal Institution of Naval Architects
dealing with marine vessels and structures.
http://www.rina.org.uk |
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|
Safe
Work Load Limit: The maximum load
a piece of equipment is capable of raising,
lowering or suspending under particular
service conditions. The SWL can be less
than the WLL if the working conditions are
extreme but it can never be more. |
SANS:
Abbr. South African National Standards |
| Shock
Load: The resulting load for a rapid
change of movement, such as impacting or jerking
of a static load. A shock load is generally
significantly greater than the static load. |
Sling
Angle: The angle between legs of
a multi-leg sling. Usually show as angle
from the vertical or angle between legs.
As the angle between the legs increases
the WLL of the sling decreases. |
Soft
Eye: The end termination of a SWR
sling made by looping the wire back through
a ferrule to create an eye. |
| Standard Lift:
Standard height a chain or lever hoist is
required to lift or lower a load. This depends
on the length of load and hand chain fitted
to the hoist. |
| Swage: The
process of clamping together steel wire rope
using a ferrule in order to make an eye. |
| SWL: Abbr.
Safe Work Load Limit |
| SWR:
Abbr. Steel Wire Rope |
| T |
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TCLL:
Abbr. Thousand Cycle Load Limit; A benchmark
value to measure the performance of ropes.
TCLL expresses the maximum percentage of
the nominal breaking strength at which a
rope can be cycle loaded 1,000 times as
tested under strict laboratory conditions.
Simplified, TCLL expresses the rope¹s
resistance against tension-tension fatigue.
The higher the TCLL value expressed as a
percentage, the higher the resistance against
cycle load. |
Test
Certificate: A detailed record
issued by the manufacturer of a product
stating Work Load Limit and Factor of Safety.
This document highlights the capacity of
the product and how it should be used. |
Test
Load: The force at which a product
is tested. At this load, the product should
show no visual deformation. |
Tolerance:
The permissible variation of an
object or objects in some characteristic
such as hardness, weight, or quantity. The
permissible range of variation in a dimension
of an object. |
| U |
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Uniform
Load method calculation: The method
of calculating the Work Load Limit for multi-leg
slings using the assumption that the load
will be evenly distributed to each leg and
that each leg will therefore carry the same
force. |
| W |
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WLL:
Abbr. Work Load Limit |
| Work
Load Limit: The maximum load which
should be applied to a chain, when the chain
is new or “in as new” condition,
and when the load is uniformly applied in
direct tension to a straight length of chain. |
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